大学英语四级语法精要-上、下-
大学英语四级语法精要(上、下)
大学英语四级语法精要(上)
1. 时态
1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现
在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
i’ve been writing letters for an hour.
i’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
i’d been working for some time when he called.
we had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
by next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
in another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.
i shall have finished this one before lunch.
they’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of october.
2. 语态
1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
he was said to be jealous of her success.
it was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有
assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
it is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
the ship is supposed to have been sunk.
担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
why are you driving so fast in this area? you are supposed to know the speed to know
the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)
2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,
另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
he was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
b) 宾补结构的被动语态:
she was called big sister by everybody.
then he was made a squad leader.
he was considered quite qualified for the job.
the room was always kept clean and tidy.
3. 短语动词
1) vi + adv
the plane took off two hours late.
2) vi + prep
they looked round the cathedral.